WAN
WAN Topology
- Point-to-Point Topology
- Hub-and-Spoke Topology
- Dual-Homed Topology
- Fully Meshed Topology
- Partially Meshed Topology
Modern WAN standards recognized authorities
- TIA/EIA Telecommunications Industry Association and Electronic Industries Alliance
- ISO International Organization for Standardization
- IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
Serial Transmit / Parallel Transmit
- Parallel Transmit faster but it is prone to synchronization problems
- Due to the synchronization problems there is a distance limited 8 meters at most for copper cables
- Parallel connections are viable in data center
Optical fiber protocols
- SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy – global standard for transporting data over fiber-optic cable
- SONET Synchronous Optical Networking – North American Standard that provides the same service as SDH
Digital capacity of copper media
- T-Carrier – Used in north America T1 : 1.544 Mbps, T3 : 43.7 Mbps
- E-Carrier – Used in Europe T1 :2.048 Mbps, T3 : 34.368 Mbps
Traditional WAN Technology
- Circuit-Switched Connections
- PSTN (Public Service Telephone Network) – Rate of signal less than 56 kbps
- ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) – rate of signal from 45 kbps to 2.048 Mbps
- Packet-Switched Connections
- Frame Relay
- ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Modern WAN Technology
- Dedicated Broadband
- Packet-Switched
- MPLS (Multi-protocol Label Switching) Enables the WAN providers to carry any protocol as payload data
- Internet-based Broadband
Ethernet WAN
- Metropolitan Ethernet (Metro E)
- Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS)
- Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)
ISP Connectivity Options
- Single-homed
- Dual-homed
- Multi-homed
- Dual-multihomed