STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) Consequences without STP Broadcast storm Overwritten MAC tables make them unstable Multiple same frames will be received by the device Election of root bridge Root bridge is determined by the Bridge ID All the switches send Bridge ID information (BPDU Bridge Protocol Data Unit) to the other ones. The switches will…More
Transport layer – TCP and UDP
Transport layer protocols The transport layer protocols determine how to transfer the messages between hosts and be responsible for the reliability of conversation. The transport layer protocols include TCP and UDP. TCP The process of TCP Establishes a Session Ensures reliable delivery Provides same-order delivery Support flow control TCP initiation – 3-way handshake Client ->…More
How to do subnetting
In order to efficiently manage a large network with many devices, subnetting is necessary. Splitting a network into smaller subnets allows for better bandwidth utilization and faster transmission speeds. Subnetting enables network administrators to create smaller, more manageable subnetworks with fewer devices. The subnet mask provides information about which bits in an IP address represent…More
ICMP Messages
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) TCP/IP suite provide the error and informational messages by the serivce of ICMP. The ICMP messages provide the feedback of the process of IP pakcet in certian conditions. It includes ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 ICMPv4 The message protocol ICMPv6 The same with ICMPv4 but has addtional functionality Types of Messages Host…More
IPv6-Addressing
IPv6 addressing ,different typs of addressing and the methods of address allocation in IPv6 protocolMore
IPv4 Addressing
Network Address A host determine its network address by performing AND operation between IPv4 address and subnet mask. The first address is the network address and the last address is the broadcast address. The source device can determine if the detination device belongs to romote network so that it choose to send the data to…More